The Theory Of Social Contract - 1832 Words

Stage 5 from level 3 was called â€Å"social contract† stage. Advocates reckoned that law did not take this kind of situation into account and objector argued that stealing was the wrong approach to do anything no matter how serious the situation was. By this time, people would start abstract philosophic thinking that laws and regulations were all composed by humans and it was a social contract. They valued the force of law and agreed that laws could help people maintain justice. However, at the same time, they promoted the idea that even though society needs its order, the contract and regulation were not absolute and people could change it if the majority of people disagree with it; the laws that were unjust should be reformed. (Fleming,†¦show more content†¦At this final stage, people believed that human universal morals were above everything else. People became moralist gurus like Immanuel Kant and John Rawls, who could establish a universal code of ethics. Kohlb erg and his colleagues discovered that the numbers of people who can achieve this stage was very limited; quite a lot adults failed to even reach stage 5 in their moral development. Kohlberg linked psychology research and philosophical views in his study. The entire research followed the logical order from psychological theory to educational practice to philosophical reflection. He established a unique insight into the theory of moral education systems and proposed three types of moral assumptions. The first assumption was that moral judgement was a development progress from heteronomy to autonomy. This assumption included two specific assumptions. First, the individual’s moral type was age related; the greater the age, the more self-discipline to make moral judgements. Secondly, the type of morality was related to moral stage; individual’s natural process of moral judgement is consistent with the self-development process. The second assumption was that social relations and cultural environment could have a direct impact on moral judgement and self-discipline. In the environment where people cooperate and respect each other, people could reach ethi cs self-discipline easier. On the other

Aspects Of Supply Chain Management - 1209 Words

Aspects of Supply Chain Management Introduction The basic reason for negotiating a contract is to reduce risk, and establish who bears the cost of the risk incurred. Identifying the responsibility of the parties and avoiding finger pointing when a business operation goes bad. Perkins (2008), in studying risk and reward contracts states that risk and reward contracts are highly specialized, and require careful and creative management to create. In constructing a risk and reward contract they take extra time and effort, but if designed and written properly, a risk and reward contract can provide benefits that can more than compensate for the additional effort. A well-designed risk and reward contract can be a motivating factor to suppliers, using a system of incentives and penalties to achieve desired results. During this paper we will briefly analyses the risk and reward factors involved when creating a contract. The onset of globalization has both altered and redirected the way a business organization does business, both domestic ally and internationally. One of the key areas in which globalization has changed business is in how these changes affected the legal aspects of business in contracts and negotiations. According to Wisma (2008),NAFTA, Free Trade Agreements, Import/Export laws, and European Union policies have spurred the creation of a worldwide network of suppliers, vendors, and partnering institutions that spans nations and continents. Companies are changing theShow MoreRelatedThe Primary Aspects of Supply Chain Management964 Words   |  4 Pageswas: Blanchard, D. (2010). Supply chain management best practices. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Chopra, S., Meindl, P. (2010). Supply chain management: Strategy, planning and operation (4th ed.).Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Home Depot Corporate. (2006). Our CompanyÃÆ' Values. 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Coffee Shop Draft Proposal Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION From a cultural standpoint, coffeehouses largely serve as centers of social interaction. The coffeehouse provides social members with a place to cognate, talk, write, read, entertain one another, or pass the time, whether individually or in small groups of 2 or 3. Every Morning it will not be complete without breakfast and a cup of coffee in the table of the Filipinos. We will write a custom essay sample on Coffee Shop Draft Proposal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sometimes they only drink coffee to fill up their stomach when they are in hurry for office or even for school; it keeps them awake. They say that it help’s blood to flow better. Coffee shops or coffeehouses have been in use since 16th century, particularly in the Middle East, where Turkish coffee house was drunk and men played board games or read books and listened to music. Many people find that coffee contains stimulants called caffeine. Filtering hot water through ground beans makes the best. A special filter for coffee is used to create such aroma, and when settled, and turned into a ground-powdered coffee, just a hot water will do the rest. Many people drink instant coffee, as it is quick and easy to prepare. Evaporating huge amounts of prepared coffee makes instant coffee powder. The powder dissolves in hot water to make a coffee drink instantly. Coffee is drunk by about one third of the word people making the most popular beverages after tea. Coffee shops are establishments where people gather to enjoy a cup of coffee. In most shops, there is a wide range of options with the type of coffee drinks offered, starting with plain coffee and moving through a selection of specialty coffee drinks that are often difficult to find at restaurants and other locations. Many shops of this type also offer a limited selection of food and other beverages, making them ideal for a quick snack or a light meal. In some cases, the coffee shop is part of a large corporation. When this is the case, decisions about what types of coffee are sold are made at corporate level. The corporation will often have specific instructions as to the type of coffee maker that is used in the shop, as well as a particular brand of coffee roaster for the raw coffee beans that are purchased in bulk and resold to the local franchises. This uniform approach makes it possible for the same level of quality to be found at any coffee shop associated with the corporation. While the idea of a coffee shop was once limited to metropolitan areas, shops of this type are now found in many smaller towns and even some rural areas. With a product line built around one of the most popular beverages in the world, a coffee shop stands an excellent chance of becoming a popular gathering spot, assuming the location is good and the prices are within reason. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM This study seems to determine the feasibility of establishing a coffee shop at. This study has the following areas of concern: MARKETING ASPECT 1. Who will be the possible costumers? 2. What is the potential target of the coffee shop business? 3. What marketing strategy should be adopted in order to assure the success of the business? 4. What is the present demand and supply situation for the project and prosperity for the future? 5. What is the primary target market of the business? OPERATIONAL ASPECT 1. What are the machines and equipment’s that will be needed for the operation? 2. Where will be the project should be located and why that place is suitable for the proposed project? 3. What form of machines will be most appropriate and effective for the proposed project? 4. How to determine the place suited for business? 5. How many machines needed for the operation of the business? ORGANIZATIONAL ASPECT 1. What will be the organization set up of the business? 2. What benefits should be given to the staff? 3. What will be the human resource requirement of the project their qualification and responsibilities? 4. What form of organization will be most appropriate and effective for the proposed project? . What management organization will adopt the policies and strategies to attain the objective of the project? FINANCIAL ASPECT 1. How much will be the total cost of the business? 2. What will be the primary financing the business? 3. How long will it take to recover the installed primary capital? 4. What financial strategies are to be adopted for the feasibility of t he project initial capitalization and growth? 5. How to determine the sources for financing the business? OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY This study was designed to determine the feasibility and accessibility of the Daniel Cafe at the Robinson’s Place Ermita, Manila The study aims to locate the best possible site for the type of coffee shop chosen, taking into consideration the degree of competition, the potential for growth and expansion, and the contribution to profit. The overall objective of the study is to determine feasibility of putting up this type of business (Coffee Shop) and to be able to determine the needs of the costumers. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY The study undertakes to prove whether the proposed project would e feasible or not. The results of the study are significant with regard to following. With the establishment of this proposed project this can add revenue to the government because of the taxes it will pay. The proposed project will benefit the people by providing employment while also serving the public within an entertaining coffee shop. Individuals, researcher and students who are doing studies regarding this particular line of industry may in one way or another be benefited by the study and lastly it will provide employment to those who possesses necessary skills but are unemployed. They will be given the opportunity to utilize their talents if this study will be pushed through and materializes. In addition, people would engage putting up a coffee shop business, and therefore will be benefited of the different aspects in the same manner that this could be a help in the concepts. SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY The scope of the study seems encompassing since the culture of coffee drinking is universal in nature and in all four corners of the world. However this study limits its scope to finding out why drinking coffee will persist even with the entry of different beverages. The study has limited its discussion on the Filipino culture in particular, the coffee drinking activity of its people based in Metro Manila. Taft Avenue is a place located in the center of Metro Manila, where one can find the bulk of the coffee shops. This place is frequently visited by the student and professionals coming from different part of Metro Manila. METHODOLOGY The realization of the study would seem impossible without the use of the researcher methods and techniques, which are fundamentals to the accumulation of data. The idea accumulation proper, the researcher made use of the analytical sampling technique which is appropriate in the date gathering for establishing the business. We also use straight line method in getting the data for the supply and demand computation. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE LOCAL LITERATURE So the coffeehouse — a so-called third place, beyond home and work, that the sociologist Ray Oldenburg has posited is crucial to developing a sense of place, civic engagement and democracy — offers an ever-dwindling opportunity â€Å"to share an experience in public,† Mr. Pendergrast said. Coffee shops have become driving forces in gentrifying areas, with merchant groups and development advocates looking to establish cafes to seed other types of mom-and-pop activity. In Ditmas Park, Brooklyn, a politically engaged coffeehouse called Vox Pop caused a minor sensation when it opened on Cortelyou Road in 2004, quickly becoming a symbol for what some saw as the neighborhood’s new cachet. It, too, has struggled financially in recent years, and it has managed to survive in part by selling shares to customers. Jan Rosenberg, a sociologist and real estate agent who has been active in spurring commercial development in the neighborhood, helped lure an outlet of the small chain Connecticut Muffin nearby. Now she is looking for a cafe for Newkirk Avenue a few blocks away. It brings a flock of people to a street — everyone likes a good cup of coffee — and it gives them a chance to sit down and bump into each other,† Ms. Rosenberg said. â€Å"It’s simple, really, but if you don’t have that and you’re always getting the train to go to work and getting your coffee there, you don’t have those bump-into-someo ne experiences, and that’s important in a city neighborhood. † FOREIGN LITERATURE The story of how coffee growing and drinking spread around the world is one of the greatest and most romantic in history. It starts in the Horn of Africa, in Ethiopia, where the coffee tree probably originated in the province of Kaffa. There are various fanciful but unlikely stories surrounding the discovery of the properties of roasted coffee beans. One story has it that an Ethiopian goatherd was amazed at the lively behaviour of his goats after chewing red coffee berries. What we know with more certainty is that the succulent outer cherry flesh was eaten by slaves taken from present day Sudan into Yemen and Arabia, through the great port of its day, Mocha, now synonymous with coffee. Coffee was certainly being cultivated in Yemen by the 15th century and probably much earlier than that. Mocha was also the main port for the one sea route to Mecca, and was the busiest place in the world at the time. But the Arabs had a strict policy not to export any fertile beans, so that coffee could not be cultivated anywhere else. The coffee bean is the seed of the coffee tree, but when stripped of its outer layers it becomes infertile. The race to make off with some live coffee trees or beans was eventually won by the Dutch in 1616, who brought some back to Holland where they were grown in greenhouses. Initially, the authorities in Yemen actively encouraged coffee drinking as it was considered preferable to the extreme side effects of Kat, a shrub whose buds and leaves were chewed as a stimulant. The first coffeehouses were opened in Mecca and were called ‘kaveh kanes’. They quickly spread throughout the Arab world and became successful places where chess was played, gossip was exchanged, and singing, dancing and music were enjoyed. They were luxuriously decorated and each had an individual character. Nothing quite like the coffeehouse had existed before: a place where society and business could be conducted in comfortable surroundings and where anyone could go, for the price of coffee. The Arabian coffeehouses soon became centres of political activity and were suppressed. Coffee and coffeehouses were subsequently banned several times over the next few decades, but they kept reappearing. Eventually a solution was found when coffeehouses and coffee were taxed. DEFINITION OF TERMS AROMA pleasant smell, good fragrance. BULK great in quantitative number or volume BUSHES a low shrub with way branches CAFFEINE organic compounds of the porcine ground, accruing in coffee shop bean tealeaf Cappuccino  A decadent combination of strong Espresso smoothed out with equal quantities of steamed milk and foamed milk, creating a luxurious cap that can be garnished with either chocolate or cinnamon powder. Usually presented in a large classic cup. COFFEE an evergreen shrubs, leaves ival, in opposite pairs flower white fragrant. COFFEE BEAN the seeds of the coffee plant COFFEE GRINDER a tool used in grinding coffee COFFEE HOUSE a shop selling coffeeand other refreshments especially one frequented in England. COFFEE SHOP small restaurant that maybe attach to a hotel, serving meals and snacks, especially coffee. CREAM the rich fatty part of milk Espresso A small but potent coffee served black, in a small demitasse cup or glass. Characterized by a flavor and aroma so intense they bite. The perfect Espresso can only be created by forcing water at 9 bar pressure and 88 C through a tightly compact wad of 8 grams of freshly ground coffee beans, producing 1. 7 fluid oz of coffee in exactly 22 seconds. Such precision is crucial for what is the base of most specialty coffees. Espresso is the fastest growing method of making coffee. All the other methods involve a ‘natural’ form of infusion, and for a small cost, you can have a system that will make acceptable coffee and quickly. High quality espresso is more expensive to make because extracting the greatest amount of flavor from the bean requires a high level of pressure (8-10 bar) and thus a high quality machine. Frappuccino is the name and registered trademark of a Starbucks blended ice beverage and a bottled coffee beverage. Starbucks says that its frappuccino recipe was invented in 1995 by Greg Rogers, an assistant manager of a Starbucks Store on Santa Monica’s Third Street Promenade and was launched on April Fool’s Day in 1995. The original frappuccino is a blend of ice and a mix constituted of coffee, water, milk, and various syrups. The result is a beverage that is a little icy like a slush, but with a consistency that is similar to a thin milkshake FILTERING a machine for percolating espresso one or preparing coffee as a drink by passing the boiling water repeatedly through the ground beans. HARVEST gathering in the ripened crops Macchiato A small strong coffee with a delicate first impression created by placing a small amount of foamed milk on top of the cream. Served in a demitasse cup or glass. A shot or two of espresso that has been poured into a cup filled with steamed milk and topped off with foamed milk (about a 1/4†³). MARKET a meeting of people for buying and selling merchandise RESTAURANT place for food and entertainment SEASON a period of time when something plentiful SUBTROPICAL the regions bordering on tropics SUGAR a white crystalline substance obtain from sugar cane TEA a shrub growing in china mixed with water VARIETY diversity, an assortment Questionnaire Please check the answer that suits for you 1. Do you love drinking coffee? __ Yes __ No 2. How often do you drink coffee? __ Once a day __ Twice a day __ 3 times or more 3. Do you prefer cheap coffees to expensive ones? __Yes __No 4. Which Coffee Products do you prefer? __Espresso __Brewed Coffee __Cappuccino __Frapuccino 5. Which do you prefer? __ Hot Coffee __ Cold Coffee CHAPTER II MARKETING ASPECT INDUSTRY PROFILE Coffee Shop industry in the Philippines is now flourishing because of the coming of different imported coffee shop usually from US. Unlike before when coffee shops were rarely found, now they are sprouting like mushrooms everywhere. The known ones are Starbucks Coffee, Seattle’s Best Coffee, Gloria Jeans, Coffee Bean and others. We only knew one which is Filipino owned, Figaro. Seeing their success in this industry, we would also like to have a share in the market and eventually outgrow those aliens. The competition will be tough, but still we are certain to have a â€Å"slice of the pie† through our extravagant coffee and service, with the lowest price as possible. Coffee shop is one of the most important establishments nowadays. Filipino loves to drink coffee. It is the place where everyone is longing for. As population increases, demands for coffee are also increase. These give opportunities for some establishment for coffee shop to become stable for its operation and its investor to become profitable. The present administration is inviting and encouraging entrepreneurs to put up small and medium scale establishments because it will create a big impact to the present status of our economy. Consumer taste and personal income drive demand. The profitability of individual companies depends on the ability to secure prime locations, drive store traffic, and deliver high-quality products. Large companies have advantages in purchasing, finance, and marketing. Small companies can compete effectively by offering specialized products, serving a local market, or providing superior customer service. Major products include beverages and food. Beverages include brewed coffee and tea; espresso drinks (cappuccinos, cafe lattes); cold blended beverages; bottled water; soft drinks; and juices. Food includes pastries, bakery items, desserts, sandwiches, and candy. Many coffee shops sell whole or ground coffee beans for home consumption. Some coffee shops sell coffee or espresso-making equipment, grinders, mugs, and other accessories. Most coffee shops serve high-quality, premium coffee known as specialty coffee. Coffee shops compete with businesses such as convenience stores, gas stations, quick service and fast food restaurants, gourmet food shops, and donut shops. DESCRIPTION AND USES OF THE PRODUCT Daniel’s Cafe offers a different flavor of coffee. Here in the properties of the products, the partners would like tell the necessary and mostly the basic in making the different flavors of coffee. It is nice to know how the products became as tasteful, what are the procedures, the ingredients that go into certain products. The Daniel’s Cafe will operate a self- service basis. The customer service starts their entry to the establishment. After the waiter crew had taken the orders an transmitted them to the food counter, customers are lined-up to pay their bills to the cashier. After the payment, the respective orders are served and the customers choose and sit on the tables an start to enjoy their coffee and food POPULATION / CONSUMER BEHAVIOR The progressive town of Manila. It has of population with in the vicinity. It is also accessible to some cities or town like Pasay, Quezon City, Marikina, Antipolo, Makati an etc. So even passerby may be attracted to our coffee shop. We want to cater to classes A, B, and C of the society who can affor our prices and amenities. Recreation is another thing we can offer. If they want to have fun an relaxation, Daniel’s Cafe is where they would want to be. DEMAND ANALYSIS To determined the historical demand of certain business is very important because this will serve as a guide for the computation of the future demand. It will based on the number of the target market. It is greatly needed to identify the demand situation. Our group conduct interview and distributed questionnaire near the location to acquire the necessary and needed information. Historical Demand Table 1 YEAR |DEMAND | |2008 |63,000 | |2009 |64,000 | |2010 |66,000 | |2011 |69. 000 | Projected Demand Table 2 YEAR |DEMAND | |2012 |63,544 | |2013 |64,523 | |2014 |65,675 | |2015 |66,554 | |2016 |66,777 | |2017 |67,999 | Supply Analysis Table 3 PRODUCT |2010 |2011 |2012 | |Coffee |9000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Sugar |9,000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Cream |7,000 |9,000 |12,000 | |Ice |5,000 |6,000 |7,000 | |Milk 4,000 |5,000 |6,000 | |Whip Cream |11,000 |12,000 |13,000 | |Choco |9,000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Iced Tea |11,000 |12,000 |13,000 | |Mocha |4,000 |5,000 |6,000 | |Strawberry |6,000 |7,000 |8,000 | |Mango |9,000 |10,000 |11,000 | |Apple |12,000 |13,000 |14,000 | |Berries |3,000 |4,000 |5,000 | |Other Fruits |6,000 |7,000 |8,000 | DEMANDS AND SUPPLY CONSOLIDATION It is the overall consolidation of supply and demand for the first year operation. Through this we could determine if the company will provide the required number of orders by saying solution or by having between supply and demand based in our findings the supply must than the demand it means that the consumers will not satisfy the product it means the market. PURCHASES Raw Materials Espresso Shot |Caffe latte | | | | |1 tsp espresso |1 tsp espresso | |? cup of steamed milk |? cup steamed milk | |1 tsp foamed milk |? cup foamed milk | |? cup aromatic cream |? up hot water | |? cup of hot water | | |Cappucino |Caffe Mocha | | | | |1/4 cup foamed milk |? cup whipped cream | |? cup steamed milk |? teamed milk | |1/4 cup espresso |1 tsp espresso | | |1 tsp mocha syrup | |Creamy Chocolate Frosting |Daniel’s Coffee | | | | |2 ? confectioners sugar |? steamed milk | |6 T unsweetened cocoa power |? rewed coffee | |6 T butter |1 tsp sugar | |5 T evaporated milk | | |1 T vanilla extract | | |Daniel’s Hot Tea |Satiny Chocolate Glaze | | | | |1 tsp brooked bond tea |? cup semisweet chocolate cake | |1 tsp sugar |3 T butter | |? cup steamed milk |? teaspoon vanilla extract | |? up hot water | | |Banana Brownie Cake |Rock Cake | | | | |1 cup all purpose cream |125 g strong flour | |3 T butter |100 ml milk | |1 T butter |125 g soft flour | |? t vanilla extract |10 g baking powder | |1 L ripe banana |Few drops lemon essence | |1 cup sugar |60 g mixed fruit egg wash | |2 egg whites |125 g margarine or butter | |? up buttermilk |25 g granulated sugar | |1 tsp vanilla extract |125 g castor sugar | | |1 egg | |Apple Cake |Cream of Chicken Soup | | | | |3 app les |125 g butter | |? up butter |125 g flour | |2 eggs |2 liters white chicken stock | |1 cup milk |200 ml cream | |3 cups all purpose flour |50 g butter | |1 tsp salt | | |Cream of Asparagus Soup |Cream of Cauliflower soup | | | | |125 g butter |125 g butter | |125 g flour |125 g flour | |2 L vegetable stock |2. L of vegetable stock | |800 g asparagus stalks |1 K cauliflower | |200 ml cream |1 bouquet | |50 g butter |200 ml cream | |Salt and pepper |50 g butter | |Cream of Mushroom Soup |Crumb | | | | |125 g butter |? cup flour | |125 g flour |? up sugar | |2 liters vegetable stock |1 cinnamon | |800 g mushroom |Dash nutmeg | |200 ml cream | | |50 g butter | | |Salt an pepper | | MARKETING STRATEGY/ MARKET PLANNING/ MARKET SEGMENTATION To attract different costumers business should have different strategies regarding their products and packing to satisfy the needs or wants of their costumers. A product is which produced by nature, labor, though and chemical change. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY/ ACTIVITY We propose to have very heavy advertising by news paper, pamphlets, billboard and radio announcements as time passes the advertising will be weekly and monthly basis. Under the heading of sales promotion are many schemes deviser to ohld and attract costumer the proposed coffee shop will utilize different promotional materials such a different style of menu card, brochures, banners to attract costumers. Our target market is an urban place with many business establishments around having this set up, it will be easy for us to have more potential customers and be easy accessible to all. PRICING STRATEGY Since Daniel Cafe is using differentiation in quality of food and services as well in pricing too. Pricing of good is very important in competitive activity that’s why Paul’s Cafe comes up with low prices strategy. Its competitors are having quit higher prices that Paul’s Cafe SELLING PRICE/ COST PER UNIT People now a day would buy the best product in a lowest possible price. Our goal in prixing is to achieve the investment of the net sales, to stabilize prize and to improve market share and maximize the profit. Hot Drinks |8 oz |16 oz | |Brewed Coffee |39 Php |69 Php | |Espresso |45 Php |65 Php | |Cappuccino |45 Php |79 Php | |Cafe Latte |55 Php |75 Php | |Cafe Mocha |59 Php |79 Php | |Chocolate |45 Php |69 Php | |Steamed Milk |55 Php |67 Php | |Americano |66 Php | 79 Php | Cold Drinks |12 oz | |Ice Coffee |49 Php | |Decaf |59 Php | |Ice Cappucino |59 Php | |Ice Mocha |85 Php | |Ice Latte |69 Php | |Iced Tea |45 Php | |Chocolate |77 Php | |Chilled Milk |88 Php | CHAPTER III PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONAL ASPECT DESCRIPTION OF OPERATION PROCESS Production or Operational Aspect is important for every business. Business will be nothing without this aspect. The use of flow chart could help show the sequence of and the relationship of work until to another. First in the operation of Daniel’s Cafe is purchasing of much needed supply that is good for one month use of operation. Then this supply goes to designated operation channel, the ingredients needed in the operation for the one month will go directly in the coffee station. The production of goods will be at the business site itself. The Operational Aspect is very broad aspect. It focuses on the whole operation of the business from making the product to serving. He process should be well organized to produce a good quality of product at low operational cost. Daniel’s cafe offers a different flavor of coffee. Here in the properties of the products, the partners would like tell the necessary and mostly the basic in making the different flavors of coffee. It is nice to know how the products became as tasteful, what are the procedures, the ingredients that go into a certain products. OPERATING HOURS PAUL’S CAFE opens at 10:00 in the morning everyday to accommodate the early lunch crowd. It closes at 10:00 in the evening from Saturday to Sundays and at 12 midnight every Monday to Friday. It will operate 7 days a week. DESIGNING PRODUCTION FACILITY FLOOR PLAN PLANT LOCATION The business will be located at Robinson’s Place Manila. The site was chosen because it is strategically located in the middle of business or commercial district of Pedro Gil and school areas. The location and the size of the are to be rented are suitable to our proposed project. Hence, the area is accessible to any mode of transportation. PROFILE OF PLANT LOCATION PLANT LAYOUT The plant layout for the business should be drawn by the engineer in accordance with the design preferred by the partners it was located at Robinson’s place Ermita. It was a coffee garden style model. The area is about 61 square meters and it will be divided as the business required. It was a one story building but it has terraced outside and a parking lot for more convenient of our customers. PROPERTY PLANT AND EQUIPMENT Espresso Machine Tea BrewersCoffee Decanters Decanters Gourmet WhipBlendersTables and Chairs INTERNAL CONTROL The proponents will maintain policy relative to the maintenance of accuracy and cleanliness in the work place. Garbage can and bags be distributed outside and inside. The next is the price of materials, the partners will look for the sources that can supply the quality raw materials at lower cost. Utilities are very important to our proposed business. The electricity, which supplies power for our coffee shop without the electricity the business, cannot continue for its operation. We need electricity for the lights, and for the machines making the coffee product. Electricity will coordinate to the office of MERALCO. Supply of water will also be important for us to be able to maintain the cleanliness of our business. Manila water will be our chosen supplier. Another important utility is telephone, which is used for communicating consumers and suppliers. The Philippine Long Distance Company will install this. QUALITY CONTROL TECHNIQUES The secret of good food lies in strict control. A quality control procedure id to be set up at Daniel’s Cafe that requires strict adherence from everybody. The manager will be held responsible for its strict implementation. Strict adherence to recipes is closely monitored and controlled to achieve the goal of standardized to quality. The recipes should have exact measurements and weights of the ingredients, the preparation and mixing instruction as well as the approved and tested substitution of the original recipe. One of the required policies that a coffee shop should implement is cleanliness of the business; we are looking forward to a coffee shop that will give our customer a welcome and relaxing ambience s they enter and realized the beauty of our coffee shop, offering good services and product. It is our one way of inviting customer to patronize our business. We assure our customers that our products will be dispose properly, on a right place for the assurance of their safety. CHAPTER IV ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT ASPECT TYPE OF ORGANIZATION Partnership A partnership is a type of business entity in which partners (owners) share with each other the profits or losses of the business. Partnerships are often favored over corporations for taxation purposes, as the partnership structure does not generally incur a tax on profits before it is distributed to the partners (i. e. there is no dividend tax levied). However, depending on the partnership structure and the jurisdiction in which it operates, owners of a partnership may be exposed to greater personal liability than they would as shareholders of a corporation. ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE Organizational structure are diagram forms representing the important aspect of an organization including their major functions and their corresponding relationship, the channels of supervision and the relative authority of each employees in charge of their respective function. The proposed business venture is intended to create market and to render processing services at affordable price. Taking into accounts is the size of the business its importance to determined the appropriate organizational structure which sole proprietorship, partnership or corporation. The proposed name will be â€Å"DANIEL’S CAFE†. The organizational structure will serve as useful tools in helping visualize the organization. The structure will indicate the difference function to be performed, the grouping relationship with one another. This will also serve as guide for everyone to know whom he/she will report. In making the organizational structure there are things to be considered. The first one is the efficiency that will come to the specialization, second is clarity of job definition. Internally, the company will employ laborers including the manager. The role of all partners will analyzed the flow of the business and will monitor from time to time. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE PERSONNEL AND LABORER REQUIREMENTS The proposed business implemented by establishing in the DANIEL’S CAFE shall consist of the following workers and personnel. |POSITION |NUMBER OF EMPLOYEESS | |GENERAL MANAGER |1 | |ADMIN SUPERVISOR |1 | |ACCOUNTANT |1 | |PURCHASER |1 |CLERK |1 | |CREW |3 | |CASHIER |1 | |SECURITY GUARD |1 | DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES MANAGER – Plans and organized for the operation of the business – Concern with planning activities and establishing goals and objectives – Responsible for organizing appropriate structure, staffing, directing and motivating employees to attain those objectives – Responsible for decision making Concern with controlling and evaluating employee’s performance SUPERVISOR – Must know all the operational transactions in the business – Responsible to establish an effective means of administrative control which will permit appropriate delegation on authority – Responsible of his subordinate ACCOUNTANT – S hall be responsible for the costing, recording and preparation of financial statements – Shall check daily sales reports of the coffee shop PURCHASER – Responsible to purchase all the inventory of the restaurant CASHIER – Responsible for the custody and safe keeping of cash receipts from customers – Prepares daily cash sales and disbursement reports – Able to entertain the customers CREW He/ she is responsible in assisting the customers, and attaining to the customers demand – He / she provide the maintenance of cleanliness of the store area COMPENSATION SCHEME/ SALARY AND WAGES Compensation is defined as the adequate and equitable remuneration of personnel for their contribution to organization objectives. Some recent morale surveys tended to minimize the importance of monetary income to employees SALARY WAGES GANTT CHART/ PROJECTED TIME TABLE In estimating a business like coffee shop, it has to undergo different activities to be able to pu rsue such kind of business. There are schedules for different activities that the business has to make and ensure that even actual operation of the business. GANTT CHART | | | | | | | | |ACTIVITIES |JULY |AUGUST |SEPT |OCT |NOV |DEC |JAN | PREPARATION | | | | | | | | | LICENSED AND PERMIT | | | | | | | | | RENOVATION | | | | | | | | | PURCHASE OF MATERIAL | | | | | | | | | NORMAL OPERATION | | | | | | | | | FEASIBILITY Proposed Study on Establishing Coffee Cafe At _______________ ———————– PURCHASER CLERK SERVICE CREW (3) CASHIER SECURITY GUARD ACCOUNTANT ADMINISTRATIVE SUPERVISOR MANAGER How to cite Coffee Shop Draft Proposal, Papers

Ethical Dimensions in Responsible Professionalism and Accounting

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Dimensions in Responsible Professionalism and Accounting. Answer: Introduction The management accounting is used on the provision of information do internal utilisers and people to make decisions. The managerial accounts provided in the ratio of road on this once abilities along with the business it takes on tickle principles. The makers of the management accounts have to provide with complete and object of details regarding the business operations and functions. By use of ethical standards it can be assured that there is no bias even if the information is negative or positive (Hajjawi, 2008). By the use of accounting ethics, the management accounts can be trusted with the respective the sensitive details of the business. The business has been expecting high profits and based on the reviews by the Economist, they cannot bring changes to the ways of operations. Maria should raise the whistleblower so that right decisions can be taken (West, 2016). These changes in the ways of depreciation cannot be used for assistance in this representation of profits. This should be used in case of changes in accounting principles or business strategies. It is it commented that no changes are made without any disclosures and without any real cause. This kind of you ever can lead to fraud because the same have been applied for misrepresenting the profits. However this cannot be considered to be financial statement fraud because this would not lead to any legal risks or criminal liability (Clarification of IAs 16 and IAS 38), 2012). The GAAP generally permits management to make a choice of one different ways of recording the business operations. Similarly it permits the business to utilise any way of different station as long as it is able to appropriately, practically and systematically I locate the expenses to the assets during its whole of useful life (Miller, 2012). The business is also provided with different options to choose in case of depreciating strategies. So it can be said that the decision made by Maria is appropriate because she does not want to follow Kam that is the manager of sunshine limited. She would be doing so on ethical bases and not following any criminal or illegal activity. If the manager wants to show the false claims then Maria can sue him like in the case of false claims act that is qui tam lawsuit. By undertaking the act of whistle blowing, she can praise of concern regarding the risk, third or any malpractice inside the business. It is not necessary that she goes to any court or files are legal suit however she can inform the same to internal management so that they become where all the intentions of the manager. The management accountants might have legal, contractual or statutory duties to report to regulator so that they do not perform any money laundering. Therefore by resembling to a third party, the public interest can be met. As per GAAP 16, the accounting treatment for property plant and equipment's has to be carried out in such a manner so that the utilisers of financial reports can understand the details of all the businesses interested in the property planned andequipmentsand what all changes have been there in such investments. The major concern in this kind of accounting is therecognisingof assets, their depreciation charges, getting costs and impairment lossesthat relateto these assets. It is important that the approach which isutilisedfor calculatingthe depreciation should show the trend in which the assets upcoming economic gains are anticipated to beutilisedby the business. It is necessary that the deposition approach which is chosen has to be applied on a consistent basis. I changed in this approach can be there only if it is required for presenting the financial statements in a better way or if itis necessaryas per the accounting standards or law (Duska, Duska and Ragatz, 2011). Incaseof changes in the method of depreciation, there has to be a recalculation of the depreciation amount as per the new approach selected from a starting from the date when the asset had been put to use. This with the surplus or any deficiency that comes up as per the retrospective reassessment has to be aligned into the records by making use of adjustment entries. As per Maria, search choice of some ofyearsdigits method for depreciation has been there for exhilarating the recognition of the depreciation amount. By doing this the maximum of the depreciation linked with the assets would berecognisedin the initial years of the useful life of assets and therefore the businesswill beshowing lesser of its profits (Wielhouwer and Wiersma, 2017). This method is more suitable and highlyutilisedin the straight line depreciation method in case the assets are different station quickly or at a faster pace or if the business hashighercapacity to produce in the beginning years rather than upcoming years. This will not bring any changes to the amount ofdepreciation howeverthe timing of recognition of such amounts would be changed. This application of method can lead to indirect if it on cash flows because this kind of depreciation can lessen the sum of taxable incomes and therefore it woulddeferthe income tax expenses to the future years. Because the Sunshine Ltd will beutilisingtheaccelerationofdeprecationmethods is that it superficially lessons the accounted profit of the business for some period of time (Loeb, 2011). This way sunshine Limited would not be showing higher profits in near futureand whenthe business financial reports would be made then these profits would be excessively high. Maria is aware that deposition met thirds show that trend in which the assets of coming gains are anticipated to beutilisedby the business. It is important that businesses review their ways of appreciating at least by the end of every reporting period which isayearlyincase there is any expectation regarding the consumption of upcoming economic benefits. Therefore the same is it tickle incaseof sunshine Limited. This change in my third shall beutilisedfor showing the altered trends. As per AASB116, it is important that any change in the way ofdepreciation calculationhas to be from the beginning of the assets been purchased oracquired.As for the IAS8, the Standard needs that the business complies with all the specific IFRS which relate to the transactions, situations all events and also this standard gives guidance on ways the accounting policies have to be created so that the reports which are created on basis of these can be and on (Williams and Elson, 2010). The changes which are made to the ways of accounting and any corrective measures for all the errors are usually in retrospective manner. There has to be an adjustment entry passed for such changes. The financial report for sunshine Limited would be much more then only the economic records because it will also include disclosures. These disclosures are in the form of footnotes. The footnotes give the more details for different balances of different accounts. This footnotes sure the key accounting strategies and approaches utilised by the organisation. The business has to show ways of accounting for booking of income and expenditure, Inventory and the ways of dictation utilised. It can be said that the way of the depreciation has a huge impact on its timings of recognition in the business (Gong, 2016). As per the statement number 154 the latest photo for amendments and appreciation approaches for the long-standing nonphysical assets have also been applied (Koehn, 2015). The situations are not anymore recorded as the changes in accounting principle however these are considered to be changes in accounting estimations which are impacted through changes in accounting principles. Therefore the changes in financial reports for such assets will not show any cumulative impact of these changes in the income statement and there would be no retrospective utilisation of non-financial assets like these (Olive, 2012). For these kinds of non-financial assets, the business can allocate all of the residual depreciation to the remaining life of assets which are talked about. Why this latest treatment, the company can show a better financial report by simply showing the way in which they can utilise the upcoming benefits for the exit. Prior to making any voluntary changes in the strategies of accounting, sunshine Ltd and its CPA has to think about the expenses and related gains. This kind of information which is required for retrospective utilisation of changes would be quite complicated then the calculation of cumulative impact of such a change because lots of years would be involved in it. Therefore connect respective utilisation will need more resources and also would lead to higher auditing charges. For the assistant of cost benefit trading off fuck off the upcoming changes in principles, it can be stated that any kind of recommends from this change might not be worthy because it would lead to higher costs (Yong,n.d.). So it is ethical practice if Maria explains about the trafficking ability of such a change and also communicates this change and its impact to the business and its stakeholders. And is such a clean has to be made then it is advised that that and auditors are made aware of such a change and I for mation has to be taken that the fresh policy is better. The business will then need to create its fresh financial statements as per the new policy and make adjustments to the previous statement so that the changes can be shown effectively (Mathenge, 2012). Since it's a big organisation, it might wish to include its previous auditors because then the higher FC Shensi and cost-effectiveness can be ascertained for the adjustment. As per The FAS 154, businesses would not require to make any retrospective changes when there are changes in accounting estimations like that decision. Maria will have to just make use of the latest method in the existing year and take it forward for the residual life of the assets. So there would be no effort for the statement of prior years balance sheets and income statements for the changes made (Royaee and Mohammadi, 2011). Conclusion Maria has to disclose the changes in the financial statements and should not conceal the same due to the effect on reputation because this is a normal practice and can be easily carried out. However if the right disclosures are not made then it will lead to unethical and illegal practices. In current business situation, the responsibility of accountants is important. Managers and different decision makers build up their decisions mostly on details that the accountants present (Freeman, 2014). Given that accuracy of decisions is dependent on the dependability of accounting information, the ethical aspect of the profession has got a substantial interest lately. References Clarification of acceptable methods of depreciation and amortisation (proposed amendments to IAs 16 and IAS 38). (2012). 1st ed. London: IASB. Duska, R., Duska, B. and Ragatz, J. (2011). Accounting Ethics. 1st ed. Hoboken: John Wiley Sons. Freeman, R. (2014). Management Ethics: Placing Ethics at the Core of Good Management, by Domnec Mel. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2012. ISBN: 978-0230246300. Business Ethics Quarterly, 24(01), pp.142-143. Gong, J. (2016). Ethics in Accounting: A Decision-Making Approach. Journal of Business Ethics. Hajjawi, O, (2008). Pioneering in Teaching Business Ethics: The Case of Management Accounting in Universities in Palestine, European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences, 149-158. Koehn, J. (2015). Accounting Ethics. Accounting Ethics Ronald F. Duska and Brenda Shay Duska Malden, Mass.: Blackwell Publishing, 2003, 277 pp. Business Ethics Quarterly, 15(03), pp.521-529. Loeb, S. (2011). Teaching Students Accounting Ethics: Some Critical Issues. Issues in Accounting Education. Mathenge, G. D. (2012). Ethical Dimensions in Responsible Professionalism and Accounting Procedures in Kenya: A Critical Analysis of Theory and Practice, Research Journal of Finance and Accounting, Vol 3, No 2, 58-69. Miller, T. (2012). Ethics in qualitative research. 1st ed. Los Angeles, Calif.: London. Olive, C. (2012). Accounting Management. 1st ed. Delhi: University Publications. Royaee, R. and Mohammadi, M. (2011). Ethics Professionalism in Accounting. Yong, K. (n.d.). The 'Depreciation Capital-Allowance Transform' (D-CAT) Model: Decomposing the Divergence between Accounting Depreciation and Tax Depreciation. SSRN Electronic Journal. West, A. (2016). After Virtue and Accounting Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics. Wielhouwer, J. and Wiersma, E. (2017). Investment Decisions and Depreciation Choices under a Discretionary Tax Depreciation Rule. European Accounting Review, pp.1-25. Williams, J. and Elson, R.J. (2010). Improving Ethical Education in The Accounting Program: A Conceptual Course. Academy of Educational Leadership Journal, Volume 14, Number 4, 107-114.

Autism Awareness Essays

Autism Awareness Essays Autism Awareness Essay Autism Awareness Essay Autism Awareness It is important that America becomes more aware of the complications and difficulties experienced by people and families of people with autism and starts dealing with it in a positive and proactive manner. Many people continue to talk about it over the years, but more is needed. It would benefit so many Americans and their families to stop talking, and maybe start doing. Autism is not a disease as many may think; it is a disorder of the central nervous system. It really has three main features that define the disorder but they can have many symptoms. These three main features are: problems with social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communication, and also performing the same actions continuously with very limited interest. Autistic people suffer with not being able to interact with large or small groups of people. One possible solution to help autistic people would be to get groups of them together, so they could interact with each other. This could be done by having mixers. They could take field trips to places such as the zoo, McWane Center, Alabama Adventure, etc. Also, they could have parties such as dances to have fun with each other. All of these ideas allow them to have a good time together, and feel comfortable around each other and learn how to interact socially. Verbal and nonverbal communication is also a problem that autistic people have trouble with. One way to fix the trouble would be to develop a chat/video group online at schools where autistic children can learn to communicate with each other. If they can talk to one another then it will help familiarize them with verbal and nonverbal communication skills. These skills may provide a basis for relationships with other autistic people as well as non autistic people. Autistic people tend to do the same thing over and over because of a chemical imbalance in their brain. For example, a little autistic boy attends softball games regularly, and always has a score book to keep up with the games. This boy knows the game of softball, and is very interested in keeping his book at every game. This is an example of how their attention can be held by something trivial and non-challenging to non-affected people. Schools and centers for autistic people should recognize that this is something they enjoy and should encourage it. The autism awareness symbol represents the many puzzle pieces necessary to solve the difficulties of autism. One in every one thousand people in the United States has autism. I believe starting with these three problems of autism I could raise local awareness and provide a more comfortable lifestyle for all effected.

Human Sexuality in Music essays

Human Sexuality in Music essays The McClarys brief discussion on sexual politics in classical Music focuses on how human sexuality is present not only in modern music such as rock and pop, but also in classical music. McClary mentions that in academia there is not much focus on true expression but rather concentrate on structure. It is mentioned that when it comes to listening to classical music one doesnt consider erotic emotions unless it is a work that includes text that portrays such. As far as eroticism goes, it is the heterosexual male that expresses the need and desire. The first of two musical examples that McClary used was Carmen. The highlight of this discussion dealt with music affecting how the other character thinks. The melodies that Carmen sung had great affect on Jose, the other lead character. Carmen was able to manipulate how Jose felt. The chromatic lines and uncommon resolutions in some spots seem to confuse one. So basically Carmen got whatever she wanted out of Jose. At points when the erotic tension is at a high point Jose starts to express himself and let it all out. At this point the music is as tense as a sexual episode is described. Another characteristic of Carmen that was discussed was the Rhythms. The rhythms suggest very exotic dance motion with the lower body. The driving patterns can also be associated with burning desire. The second of the two examples was a discussion on the first movement Tchaikovskys 4th Symphony. McClary discusses how this movement represents a protagonist and antagonist. In this case the protagonist is the expressive element, which is characterized by a smooth legato melody that seems to float like a free bird. The antagonist is the more direct and bombastic element. Characterized by driving rhythms and military like fanfares in the brass. This entire symphony represents a struggle. It seems as though every time the protagonist gets settled, the antagonist appears again to take over ...

Trucanini Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trucanini Art - Essay Example The Trucanini image is one woman who is trying to come to terms with the frequent changes in the world which to her she cannot manage to change them. On the face the woman appears to have given up but the youthful beauty is still evident. The image depicts her as seated looking at the viewer with a traditional shell necklace and on her shoulders is the kangaroo skin. The photographic images were limited in the sense that by the time, the era of photography arrived in Tasmania in 1858 most of the population was dead a reason that explains why it was difficult to retrieve records. To add to this, during the colonial period there were a few artists and therefore the paintings were rare to find since they were not free to settle near the culture of civilized individuals. There were only two portfolios of Tasmian Aborigines that were known to these artists. The water color paintings would indicate women who had their hair shaved and only a circle of hair was left round the head while for the men they were bearded, unshaven hair and had no necklace. Given the poor rate of photography the power of the image of Trucanini was not portrayed well. For instance in the first portfolio, it was an amateur painting and sketch which were photographed in a squalid condition where the Trucanini are depicted as being comfortable with no hesitation. They have resigned to submit to the idea of imprisonment that was presented to them by the European colonies. No effort has been made by the photographers.

The Youthquake of the 1960s resulted in the launch of many magazines Essay

The Youthquake of the 1960s resulted in the launch of many magazines aimed at young women - Essay Example This decade was stated as â€Å"both the best of times and the worst of times†. One of the transformational highlights that took place during this decade was a cultural revolution and transformation for of the women. The feminist trends were introduced during the sixties and the subsequent decades were affected by the feminism that came forward during the sixties. Women were following the new culture of feminism which reflected in their workplace decisions, marriage decisions, child-bearing issues and freedom of choice in their personal lives (Walsh 2010). The 1960s was a decade of change and revolutionary changes throughout the fashion trends with emerging new ideas and images, the reflection of which is still depicted through today’s fashion. The significant aspect of the 1960s was that the main focus of the fashion industry was the young population as previously only the wealthy and mature elite class was aimed at by the fashion designers and industry. This new and e volutionary trend in the fashion world led to a â€Å"Youthquake† of the 1960’s which was highlighted and communicated with the masses through a plethora of magazines such as Spare Rib, Cosmopolitan or New Woman. ... The result was a striking increase in the births of baby in America and Britain. This â€Å"baby boom† was higher in America with the birth of 75 million babies between 1946 and 1964 (Farber & Bailey 2001). The post-war economy in Britain also experienced an optimistic rise after the boom period. According to the British Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan in 1957, â€Å"Most of our people have never had it so good† (1957: Britons ‘have never had it so good’ 2005). Britain’s economy also experienced a powerful boost due to the baby boom after the World War. These babies when reached their teens, they were a part of the post-war period and had grown in well-educated and favourable environments. These baby boomers were rebellious and did not agree with the conservative and conventional ideas of their parents. The American history observed these baby boomers to emerge as people of power and intellect such as the U.S. president George Bush and Bill Clinton. The teenagers ruled the 1960s with their rebellious yet fresh and young ideas. Not just the politics or the media, the youth culture was also depicted in the fashion and it is most likely that even after retirement pensioners will be seen in T-shirts rather than tweed suits! (60s Season: baby boom 2012). The young population formed a major part of the consumer population and they gave a new shape to both the market place and their own new lifestyles (Farber & Bailey 2001). The age of the baby boomers was characterized by the youth population brought up in an atmosphere of optimism and prosperity which ultimately affected their goals, aims, trends and future behaviours as well. The 1960s was characterized by new fashion trends which depicted in the attires and different clothing styles

Financial Markets and Bank Management Coursework

Financial Markets and Bank Management - Coursework Example The banking and financial system in Cyprus is significantly large when compared to the Cypriot economy. Total asset held by the country’s banking system is close to 900% of the gross domestic product generated by the country (Stephanou, 2011a). This number is strikingly high when compared to EU and Euro zone asset acquisition of 357% and 334% respectively (Stephanou, 2011a). Even if the overseas operations conducted by the country’s domestic banks are excluded, the size of the country’s banking system will still be large thereby exceeding the gross domestic product by the multiple of 7 (Stephanou, 2011a). Nevertheless Cyprus is not exclusive in this respect. This is precisely because a number of EU member countries have similar or larger banking system. The banking system in Cyprus grew considerably over the last decade. The underlying reason behind this rapid enlargement is the accommodation of a global environment as well as the policy enacted by regulatory aut horities in the country in order to highlight them as international financial centre. It is only off late that the financial crisis-provoked deleveraging of globally active banks and delay in cross border capital flows have stopped that trend (Michaelides, 2012). Two aspects that differentiate Cyprus from another country with a large banking system are domestically owned credit institutions such as commercial banks and cooperatives which have an instrumental role in ensuring economic stability and the country’s domestic banks which are although small in absolute terms but are considerably large as far as their asset acquisition is concerned (Milesi†Ferretti and Tille, 2011). While the domestic owned credit institutions account for nearly 64% of the total banking system assets, the domestic owned banks own a considerable proportion of assets as a proportion of the country’s GDP (Stephanou, 2011a). Not many European countries are

The Review Of Randomised Control Trials

The Review Of Randomised Control Trials The effectiveness of the methodological approach used in any study most certainly determines the accuracy and reliability of the research hence the need to select the most viable methodology. Subsequent studies indicate that the use of a poor methodology is not only misleading but it could also lead to detrimental consequences in the event that the results of the study are used as a basis for decision making or implementation of recommendations. Further, different methodologies are expected to be more effective in particular experiments only. The use of Randomised Control Trials Research is highly popular in nursing and medicine due to its effectiveness in obtaining outcomes that are relevant, mostly in testing the safety of treatments and drugs before they can be fully utilized in the health care system. RCT as Randomised Control Trials Research is often abbreviated is popular because unlike other methodologies, allocation bias is minimised and prognostic factors that are known or u nknown to the researcher are balanced, thus giving accurate results. This paper seeks to critique Randomised Control Trials Research with a view of establish its philosophical foundation and its application in research. In this regard, the paper also includes a critique of three experiments that were done using Randomised Control Trials Research. Methodological review The history of Randomised Control Trials can be traced back to about 600 B.C. It was first recorded by Daniel Judah, whose research is probably the earliest as far as clinical research is concerned. He sought to establish the effects of royal Babylonian diet and the vegetarian diet for a time period of 10 days (Stolberg, Norman Trop, 2004). While his research was devoid of contemporary medical standards such as ascertainment bias, allocation bias and confounding by divine intervention, the research has remained an influential record in the history of Randomised Control Trials. Major advancements were recorded in the 19th century. The credit for modern CRT is attributable to Sir Austin Bradford Hill. This was witnessed during the Medical Research Council trials which sought to test streptomycins effectiveness in treating pulmonary tuberculosis. The research is considered a landmark research in medicine and since Hills achievement, the use of randomised control trials has grown except ionally (Stolberg, Norman Trop, 2004). RCT are actually considered the basis for evidence-based medicine. Randomised Control Trials are used in modern day health care and medical trials in assessing the effectiveness of interventions such as drugs and medical procedures. Randomised Control Trials Research is a methodology that is highly popular in the medical and health services sector and which has been used in testing the efficacy of drugs, treatments and health care services such as nursing and medicine (Rosenberger Lachin, 1993; Jadad, 1998). Randomised Control Trials Research (RCT) is distinguished by the fact that once the eligible study subjects have been identified, they are put through one or other of the studys alternative treatments before the intervention to be studied begins. Once the study groups are randomized, they are followed up in exactly the same way and specific care standards are given to each study group depending on the research being performed (Edwards, Lilford Hewison, 1998). The use of Randomised Control Trials Research is considered highly effective because it minimises allocation bias to a significant level. Further it is possible to balance the known and unknown prognostic factors such that the treatments are more accu rate unbiased and reliable. A significant characteristic of Randomised Control Trials Research is that tests usually include a control experiment alongside the main treatment (Charlton, 1995). These are known as placebo-controlled studies and they are used in comparing changes recorded in the active treatment group in order to ascertain that the study group that was not included in the treatment does not react in a similar manner. This serves the purpose of proving whether the active treatment actually had an impact on the active study group. RCTs are occasionally known as randomised controlled clinical trials when they are used for clinical research (Charlton, 1995). Besides their use in medical research however, RCTs are also used in education, criminology, international development and social work. The use of RCT is mostly popular because of randomisation. This involves the selection of random samples and it has been identified as an effective approach because of various advantages as follows. Firstly, it eliminates bias because the researcher selects the participants from a random sample as opposed to convenience thus eliminating the possibility of researcher bias and confounding (Edwards, Lilford Hewison, 1998). Secondly, the use of RCT enhances blinding or masking of the treatments under study from the participants, investigators and assessors thus reducing the possibility of bias and irregularities (Charlton, 1995). The use of randomisation further permits the researchers to use probability theory in expressing that differences in outcome could have resulted from chance. Despite the efficacy of Randomised Control Trials Research, the method has raised various ethical issues that are said to limit the authenticity of the research methodology. To begin with, the Zelens design used in various RCTs is considered unethical because it randomizes the subject prior to obtaining their consent (Edwards, Lilford Hewison, 1998). This unethical aspect of this design however is mostly considered where screening and selected therapies are used as opposed to common therapeutic trials. The principle of clinical equipoise is common in defending the ethics of Randomised Control Trials. The principle which represents the genuine uncertainty about a preferred treatment within the expert medical community is used as a justification for the use of RCT (Gifford, 1995). On the other hand however, the clinical equipoise also raises ethical concerns, with suggestions being put forth that equipoise cannot generally justify RCT because it is likely to conflict with the unavaila bility of personal equipoise where a person believes that a particular intervention is effective (Gifford, 1995; Edwards, Lilford Hewison, 1998). Other limitations of RCT apart from ethical issues mostly concern external validity. They include differences in where RCT is performed such that one treatment works in a particular country and fails to work in another; characteristics of the patients such that there may be differences in their natural features; study procedures, for example where RCT patients are likely to receive more intensive treatment and care, which would certainly be impossible to achieve in the real world; and incomplete reports of adverse effects recorded during the interventions (Jadad, 1998). RCTs can also be highly expensive and are therefore considered inapplicable where financial resources are limited. Stolberg, Norman and Trop (2004) further notes that RCTs cannot be used in all types of trials. They note that there are a significant number of situations in which the use RCT is not appropriate, feasible or necessary in solving the said problems. Examples include cancer screening, ability to cease smoki ng and assessment of interventions that are likely to have rare outcomes or whose outcome takes long to develop. Critical discussion The use of randomised control trials research in nursing is undoubtedly relevant in that it aids in obtaining the desired results of the interventions used. It can be established that the use of random samples helps greatly in ensuring that authenticity of data is assured. As noted by Altman, Machin and Bagant (2000), data authenticity can only be assured if it can be established that there is no bias in the selection of the sample. Furthermore, unscrupulous researchers have been known to manipulate the research samples in order to ensure that the outcome of their studies favour the desired outcome. It is also clear that there is a limited possibility of coming up with false results because randomised control trials are mostly done hand in hand with control tests. This ensures that comparison of results yields the differences that exist between the two study groups. It is these differences that can determine for sure that the active group actually underwent a change as a result of a particular treatment. In Altman, Machin and Bagant (2000) definition of a control experiment, he notes that a control experiment serves as proof that the changes recorded in the active experiment is actually true and that the effect should not be recorded in the control experiment if the results are indeed true. Further, the status of the two study groups should have been the same at the beginning of the experiment. The use of randomised control trials in nursing promises the possibility of obtaining highly reliable results. This is because the research groups can be easily sought from medical records as opposed to where the researchers have to obtain samples from highly dispersed populations (Altman, Machin Bagant 2000). Furthermore, randomised control trials unlike other forms of research do not limit the researcher to a particular geographical region but only to persons with similar characteristics to be used for the study. This could however be disadvantageous in that the inability to locate the required sample population may result in inadequate results. Such an occurrence is likely to occur in cases where potential participants refuse to take part in the study for one reason or the other. An example is where the researcher seeks to experiment a certain medication with individuals suffering from HIV/AIDS and potential participants are unwilling to participate. According to Jadad (1998), ma ny individuals actually have the fear of being used as guinea pigs without the knowledge on whether the results will have positive or negative effects on them. Case studies Further critical analysis of the randomised control trials is done through the use of various case studies in the medical field as indicated below: In a study by Dulin, Hatcher, Sasser and Baringer (2006), they sought to prove that an over the counter supplement known as Policosanol used in the treatment of elevated cholesterol levels was ineffective. The study made use of Randomised Control Trials to examine the effectiveness of Policosanol derived from sugarcane; which had not been tested since its effectiveness was questioned. The objective of the study was to examine the efficacy of the sugar cane-derived policosanol in improving the health conditions of adults with mild hypercholesterolemia. The study would take eight weeks and it involved observing the percentage change in cholesterol level among the participants. The researchers studied the total cholesterol change, triacylglycerols and lipoprotein as well as the dietary habits, blood pressure and weight of the participants. A group of 40 healthy adults with mild hypercholesterolemia were included in the study and they were to receive 20mg of policosanol orally or placebo for the 8 weeks. The results of the study indicated that no significant changes were witnessed in cholesterol levels between the 20 adults under policosanol treatment and the 20 adults under placebo. The same applied to triaclyglycerol and other components tested for. In conclusion therefore, policosanol was ineffective in altering the serum lipid profile of individuals and therefore not effective in reducing cholesterol levels. Richardson and Montgomery (2005) sought to experiment the effectiveness of a dietary supplement for use by children who suffered from developmental coordination disorder. This is a form of disorder affecting approximately 5 percent of school going children and results in learning and behaviour difficulties as well as psychosocial adjustments that are likely to be evident even in adulthood. The researchers sought to experiment whether the use of a supplement to replace the polyunsaturated fatty acids whose absence are said to cause the disorder could help in treating the disorder. The basis for this experiment was that there was insufficient evidence-based treatment for the disorder; such that experimenting with the fatty acid supplements would provide useful information for use in treating developmental coordination disorder and treating motor skills. Richardson and Montgomery (2005) used a randomised controlled trial of the dietary supplementation which consisted of -3 and -6 fatty acids. The test was compared with Placebo and included 117 children with the developmental coordination disorder, aged between 5 and 12 years. This augurs well with Jadad (1998) who explains that a Randomised Control Trials Research should include the population under study as well as a control group to be used for comparing the outcome of the research. The research which took three months included a parallel observation of the two groups in order to establish any changes in the population. This was followed by a 1-way crossover in which the placebo group was changed to active treatment for another three months. The results of the study indicated that while there was no effect on motor skills treatment, students who received active treatment showed a significant improvement in spelling, reading and behaviour. The same was observed when the placebo group was put under active treatment; while the children continuing with active treatment continued to improve or maintain improvement. I t was thus concluded that the fatty acid supplements could be used in take care of educational and behavioural challenges for children who suffer from developmental coordination disorder. In the third example of the use of CRT in medical practice, the study by Blinkhorn, Gratix, Holloway, Wainwrit-Stringer and Worthington (2003) sought to determine the importance of health educators in enhancing general dental care. The question was on whether dental health educators should be placed to educate parents of at-risk children in order to advance dental care. The study involved 269 mothers who received tooth-brushing advice, sugar control and the use of fluoride toothpaste for 2 years at intervals of 4 months each. 334 pre-school students were included in the study. 138 families and 172 children were included in the test group and 131 families and 162 children were used as a control. Mothers in the test group were required to visit a dental health educator while the rest were used as a control group. After 2 years, 271 children and 248 mothers were remaining in the study. The end result indicated that there was increased general knowledge, tooth-brushing skills and attitud es among parents who had visited a dental educator. Children in the test group however showed little difference in terms of caries experience in relation to the control group. Accordingly, primary care trusts are expected to consider the cost of sending dental health educators in relation to the outcome. According to the study, Â £40 was used in every 2 hour session for counselling 10 parents. Critique of the articles It can be established that the use of randomized control trial research is effective in testing the outcome of various treatments and interventions, mostly through the use of a placebo study group. Similarly, the use of random study groups represents the authenticity of the researches identified above as far as the randomised control trials are concerned. The use of randomised control trials main characteristic is the use of a random sample in testing the efficacy of a certain subject or practice. This is well exhibited in all the three studies where the researchers note that they selected the samples randomly. This most definitely played an imperative role in ensuring that there was no bias in the study and that the results obtained could effectively be used in representing the entire population (Altman, Machin Bagant, 1998). As noted by Jadad (1998), the nature of randomised control trial research ensures that the subjects of the study are not in any way related to the researcher and that results are not manipulated to suit the researchers purpose. The research by Dulin, Hatcher, Sasser and Baringer (2006) represents a well researched paper which is characterised by a well designed methodology. It represents a true picture of how randomized control trial research should be done in order to achieve the most desirable results. Notably, Richardson and Montgomery (2005) make use of an active group study and a placebo group. According to Altman, Machin and Bagant (1998), the use of a control group in RCT is highly imperative as it helps in establishing the authenticity of the research and in comparing the eventual results. The same is witnessed in the study by Richardson and Montgomery (2005) and Blinkhorn, Gratix, Holloway, Wainwrit-Stringer and Worthington (2003) who made use of control groups to establish whether the results obtained in their studies were actually a true representation of the real picture. Richardson and Montgomery (2005) and Dulin, Hatcher, Sasser and Baringer (2006) and Blinkhorn, Gratix, Holloway, Wainwrit-Str inger and Worthington (2003) however fail in that they make use of different sample sizes for the active participants and placebo groups. Richardson and Montgomery (2005) use 117 children indicating that the number was uneven between the control group and the placebo group. The same applies for Dulin, Hatcher, Sasser and Baringer (2006) and Blinkhorn, Gratix, Holloway, Wainwrit-Stringer and Worthington (2003) who used 138 families and 172 children in the test group and 131 families and 162 children as a control. According to Charlton (1995), such differences in the study sample are likely to cause biased outcomes because the population sample in each case does not equal the other, thus defeating the rationality of comparison. The study by Dulin, Hatcher, Sasser and Baringer (2006) consistently defines the variables and shows how the population sample was obtained. This is one of the requirements for ensuring consistency and authenticity as defined by Altman, Machin and Bagant (1998). This is because with the ability to define the population sample and how it was obtained determines the overall outcome of the study. Richardson and Montgomery (2005) also define their population samples thus giving authenticity to the study. It is notable however that in Blinkhorn, Gratix, Holloway, Wainwrit-Stringer and Worthington (2003), only the sample size is given and there is limited information on how the 269 mothers and 334 pre-school children were obtained. Conclusion Randomised control trials research proves to be an effective methodology in enhancing nursing research. This can be evidenced by the use of randomised control trials in various medical and clinical researches, aimed at determining the efficacy of certain interventions in treating various complications. It can be established that through the use of random samples and a control group, the use of randomised control trials is expected to produce highly authentic results which can be used as a basis to introduce the intervention to the rest of the population. Notably however, there are disadvantages associated with randomised control trials research methodology as well as ethical issues related to the methodology. Common limitations include external validity in the research and the justification of the use of randomised control trials in complicated cases. In conclusion however, there is no study methodology without its own limitations and randomised control trials are no exception. This means that the benefits associated with the research methodology should be given more attention as opposed to the cons in conducting effective studies in nursing research.

Sigmund Freud Essay -- essays research papers fc

Freud didn't exactly invent the idea of the conscious versus unconscious mind, but he certainly was responsible for making it popular. The conscious mind is what you are aware of at any particular moment, your present perceptions, memories, thoughts, fantasies, feelings, etc. Working closely with the conscious mind is what Freud called the preconscious, what we might today call "available memory:" anything that can easily be made conscious, the memories you are not at the moment thinking about but can readily bring to mind. Now no one has a problem with these two layers of mind. But Freud suggested that these are the smallest parts. The largest part by far is the unconscious. It includes all the things that are not easily available to awareness, including many things that have their origins there, such as our drives or instincts, and things that are put there because we can't bear to look at them, such as the memories and emotions associated with trauma. According to Freud, the unconscious is the source of our motivations, whether they be simple desires for food or sex, neurotic compulsions, or the motives of an artist or scientist. And yet, we are often driven to deny or resist becoming conscious of these motives, and they are often available to us only in disguised form. Freudian psychological reality begins with the world, full of objects. Among them is a very special object, the organism. The organism is special in that it acts to survive and reproduce, and it is guided toward those ends by its needs such as hunger, thirst, the avoidance of pain, and sex. A part -- a very important part -- of the organism is the nervous system, which has as one its characteristics a sensitivity to the organism's needs. At birth, that nervous system is little more than that of any other animal, an "it" or id. The nervous system, as id, translates the organism's needs into motivational forces. Freud also called them wishes. This translation from need to wish is called the primary process. The id works in keeping with the pleasure principle, which can be understood as a demand to take care of needs immediately. Just picture the hungry infant, screaming itself blue. It doesn't "know" what it wants in any adult sense; it just knows that it wants it and it wants it now. The infant, in the Freudian view, is pure, or ... ... and represents the resurgence of the sex drive in adolescence, and the more specific focusing of pleasure in sexual intercourse. Freud felt that masturbation, oral sex, homosexuality, and many other things we find acceptable in adulthood today, were immature. This is a true stage theory, meaning that Freudians believe that we all go through these stages, in this order, and pretty close to these ages. Some of Freud's ideas are clearly tied to his culture and era. Other ideas are not easily testable. Some may even be a matter of Freud's own personality and experiences. But Freud was an excellent observer of the human condition, and enough of what he said has relevance today that he will be a part of personality textbooks for years to come. Even when theorists come up with dramatically different ideas about how we work, they compare their ideas with Freud's. BIBLIOGRAPHY McCary, J L. Psychology of Personality. New York 1956. Blum G S. A study of the Psychoanalytic Theory of Psychosexual Development NY 1949 Brill A. Freud's contribution to psychiatric. NY 1944 Reuben Fine. A critical re-evaluation of his theories NY 1962 P. Rieff. Freud The mind of the moralist NY 1959

Motivations for immigration to American colonies Essay

The first successful colony in America was in Jamestown, Virginia, established 1607. When it was first founded, the colony contained only several hundred people. During the two hundred years that followed the population increased greatly, due in part to massive immigration from the Old World. By 1790 the colony housed a little under four million people. The high rate of immigration stemmed from a number of different motivators, including the peoples’ hope for a better lifestyle than the one they experienced in the Old World, religious zeal, cheaper land and higher wages for manual laborers, and overpopulation in England. Farmers and manual laborers were attracted to America by the prospect of higher wages and lower costs of living. â€Å"Most of these people were of the ‘industrious’ sort–craftsmen, yeomen farmers, and small merchants†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Document A). Since the New World sought these types of laborers to further the economy and lacked a sufficient number of them, the demand increased, and with it the wages. The cost of living was also lower because the New World was virtually unpopulated and there was a low demand for residence as compared with England; subsequently, the costs were lower. According to William Penn, â€Å"their labor will be worth more than it is in England and their living will be cheaper.† (Document 1). Religious types, especially the Puritans, were drawn to America by the possibility of converting natives and spreading the message and lifestyle that they upheld to others through example. They hoped for â€Å"new souls† to be â€Å"won for God.† (David Cressy article). By establishing what they considered to be an ideal and pious community, these colonizers wanted to build a new home for Christianity, extended from its confines of the Old World. One man who brought people like this to America through his words was John Winthrop, who said that colonization would carry the benefit of â€Å"service to the Lord.† (Document 3). Winthrop was a prominent leader of the English Puritans in their voyage to the Massachusetts Bay to build such a colony. Another motivation for immigration was the hope of a better lifestyle by the settlers. â€Å"Many left depressed†¦regions in search of a new start.† (Document A). Some people felt oppressed by the English government and  wanted freedom from it. Also, many people who were denied the privilege of land ownership in England believed that they could fulfill this wish in the New World. As mentioned before, land was cheaper in America due to a fairly low demand for it, which increased the probability of one being able to own it. Therefore, the possibility of land ownership and a new start was an attraction for the colonizers. Some of the people that emigrated, however, were not actually motivated to do so by the attractions of the New World. Instead, overpopulation in England and pressure from the government pushed them out of the country and into America. Since the pioneers of the colonies wanted them to flourish and needed inhabitants to achieve this goal, the government encouraged unemployed or idle Englishmen to settle there. â€Å"†¦Thousands of Englishmen were forced off the land and unwelcome itinerants became a common sight†¦constituting a problem.† (Document 2). The solution to this problem was to ship the unwelcome men off to America, which is what the government did, and was a partial reason for the population boom. Different people were attracted to the New World for different reasons, such as the wish to own land, better one’s lifestyle, or promote Christianity. These attractions paired with overpopulation in England were the reason that so many people emigrated to colonial America. The new area presented a whole fresh realm of possibilities that England did not offer, and as a result, the unemployed, unhappy and/or restless went there in search of satisfaction and something new. Various literature written by educated men of the period promoted emigration and helped spread the word of these prospects. These reasons are what account for the large number of that people moved to colonial America in the seventeenth century.

Probable vs. Possible

Probable vs. Possible Probable vs. Possible Probable vs. Possible By Mark Nichol What’s the difference between probable and possible? Strictly speaking, they’re unrelated, but in popular usage, their distinction is merely one of degree. Possible the noun form is possibility means â€Å"having the potential.† (Potential, along with the latter word’s root, potent, shares an etymological origin with the former word.) Possible stems from the Latin term possibilis, which derives in turn from posse, which means â€Å"power† or â€Å"to be able.† Posse itself was borrowed into English from the Medieval Latin phrase posse comitatus, which literally means â€Å"power of the county.† (This term, later shortened to posse, referred to the authority of a local official to conscript men to respond to an emergency; such a deputized detail features in many works of filmed or printed fiction in the western genre, but now, the term is most commonly heard as a jocular slang synonym for a celebrity’s entourage or retinue or anyone’s group of friends.) Probable, which means â€Å"likely,† comes from the Latin term probabilis, which itself stems from probare, meaning â€Å"to approve, prove, or test.† Related words referring to the first sense include approbation and probity; prove itself is akin to probable, as is probe. Probability is the term for the branch of mathematics dealing with chance and is used in logic to refer to the degree to which two statements confirm each other. Probable refers to what is likely to be done, to occur, or to be true; possible refers to what can be done, to occur, or to be true. If you say something is probable, you are expressing more confidence about it than if you state that it is possible. But the distinction is significant: It is possible, for example, for anyone to become fabulously wealthy, but the probability is infinitely variable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Yours faithfully or Yours sincerely?Is There a Reason â€Å"the Reason Why† Is Considered Wrong?How Long Should a Synopsis Be?

All Is Not Well In the Land of The Lion King essays

All Is Not Well In the Land of The Lion King essays All is Well in Land of The Lion King In the article, Alls Not Well in Land of The Lion King, by Margaret Lazarus, the author over exaggerates an animated classic, investigating as to whether or not the movie is politically correct and morally right. The essay examines and stereotypes the movie, and comes to various misguided conclusions. Lazarus defines the hyenas and the lion, Scar symbolic, and declares that Disney already has gays and blacks ruining the natural order. She also draws to the conclusion that Disney manipulates small childrens minds; encouraging them to believe that Only those born into privilege can bring about change (pg. 440) Lazarus is constantly searching for the underlying meaning throughout the movie, and fails to enjoy it. After a complete analysis of the movie she fails to understand the central idea of the movie. She then proceeds to mock the concept of a young heir to the crown to fighting and standing up for what is rightfully and morally his. She maintains that the movie The Lion King is a metaphor for our society, suggesting that the nation only supports the concept that only the strong do survive in the world. So often a carefree animated tale is scrutinized and psychoanalyzed, and the pureness and innocence are stripped away from it. I fully disagree with Lazarus. The Lion King, was a wonderful, original animation that, broke the Disney stereotyped classics, of a hero that saves a beautiful girl in distress. The Lion King, features a story of doing the right thing, learning to fight for what is right, to stand up for yourself and what you believe in. The Lion King, is an animation, to over analyze in such a fashion as Margaret Lazarus does, is ridiculous and a shame. Lazarus is seeking too much meaning out of this simple tale. The cartoons main purpose is to entertain, not to set all the th...

Choose one of the following readings from the course textbook Research Paper

Choose one of the following readings from the course textbook - Research Paper Example He described dilemma of loyalty when someone enters into an agreement or becomes a part of system. When the system requires from a person to perform a certain task with which he/she disagrees, he is either loyal to the moral standards or to the system; keeping in mind that loyalty is also a moral standard. Why did Milgram’s subject obey and shock the learner? Or less specifically why do people obey authorities even when the orders involve harm to another person? (Meyer, J, 1997) to find the logical reasons and to see them from psychological aspect, this search helped a great deal. Several people were tested psychologically to see the reactions and obedience level in the presence of legitimate authority. Not only they subsided the moral or ethical obligations but also continued to follow commands to inflict pain on an innocent person. Though many of them were not in favor of what they did to the learner but they seem incapable of protesting the wrong. Most of them were dealing with an inside fight which was visible through their gestures and body language but the ability to deny the wrong was less likely seen during the experiment. The common misinterpretation was observed in all the teachers (subjects) was sympathy within is irrelevant unless it changed into action to perform moral obligation. Similarly the control of any government can be seen through action and thus is effective, when performing the action requires to. People in the experiment disvalued their actions but were unable to assemble the inner courage to depict their values into action. The resul ts explained the behaviors of Hitler’s army, who obeyed him and continued the process of torture and killings of million. Milgram’s experiments tested several people. Three people involving at the time of experiment, were instructor ( the authority), subject 1( teacher) and subject2( learner). They both meet the instructor whom they were to follow. The